The protracted armed conflict with Armenia has pushed Azerbaijan towards significantly improving its defense industry. According to a senior advisor to the Ministry of Defence Industry of Azerbaijani Republic (MODIAR) chief, Azer Mammadov, efforts have been made to not only outfit an increasingly powerful national armed force - rated 59th against Armenia’s 95th in the Global Firepower Ranking - but also to export arms and equipment in greater number.
According to the results of the Defense IQ study, given in the article 'Azerbaijan sets plans for sniper rifles, vehicles and UAVs', customers include not just the US and Russia, but also Georgia, Iraq and at least eight other states. While much of the country’s military development must be attributed to numerous joint ventures – foremost with Israel, Turkey and South-Africa – Mammadov pointed out that 31 production sites are currently working throughout Azerbaijan as subordinating entities, making 1,100 articles of defence products. "Azerbaijani-made weaponry meets the standards of NATO," Azer Mammadov said, adding that the MODIAR is working on producing a long-range missile system and an electromagnetic weapon capable of destroying enemy military equipment.
Defense IQ was able to assess the full variety of ammunition for small arms, mortars and artillery, as well as air-launched bombs, of which some are exported to Turkey, Georgia and Iraq.
In 2016, Baghdad requested 500 RPG-7V2 grenade launchers, 500 60mm mortars and the relevant ammunition. In the US and Russia, Azerbaijani optical instruments and sights have became increasingly popular. In total, ten nations were mentioned as customers of Azerbaijani arms and equipment. "At one point the ministry has even been forced to refuse orders of some countries, since we were not able to fulfill the size of the order within the short, requested timeframe,” Mammadov said.
Long-range sniper rifles
Azerbaijan’s obvious obsession with long-range sniper- and heavy anti-materiel rifles was explained as "the logics of 23 years of anachronistic WWI-style trench-warfare". While most other armies would call 12.7mm or .50 BMG the limit to man portable small arms, the latest product in service with the Azerbaijani Army – and offered for export – is the 14.5mm ‘Isitigal-T’ rifle. It is said to have corrected certain accuracy problems with 2009’s Istigal rifle that many large calibre semi-automatic rifle manufacturers have encountered.
It is now magazine-fed and has a new bolt-action. Weighing 20kg, Mammadov claimed it to have a maximum-range of 2,000m with a maximum effective range of 1,600m. Exports have gone to Jordan, Turkey and Pakistan.
Another precision rifle presented was the bolt action .308 Winchester/.338 Vashaq (Lynx). It can be seen as an Azeri response to the success of the PSR competition in the US, albeit without the .300 Win Mag conversion ability. Before Vashaq there was the similar Yalguzag (Steppenwulf), only available in .308 Winchester (7.62x51mm) with a folding front sight and picatinny rails.
According to Mammadov, Yalguzag sniper rifles have begun to be exported to customers. In 12.7mm, the heavy sniper rifle available is called the Mubariz. It is a 5kg lighter version of NST with a five-round magazine.
Defence IQ was invited to try out the latest Zafar-P 9x19mm pistol, one of three models manufactured by MODIAR under license from Turkish TİSAŞ’ Zigana designs. 17 parts of these are now produced in Azerbaijan and 42 in Turkey. Zafars are now equipping Azeri specialforces, and various add-ons like strobo-lights or lasers are available. In 2010, a licence was given by Russia’s Kalashnikov/ Izhevsk to MODIAR for production of 120,000 AK-74M assault rifles. While demonstrating a 2017 model to us, Mammadov explained that current production will run until 2021.
Protected vehicles
While at an OCC (Operation Capability Concept alongside Nato evaluation) rapid battalion demonstration, Defence IQ encountered some of the 85 delivered EVM licence-produced Paramount (of South Africa) Matador and Maurauder MRAPVs with locally adapted transmissions and 14.5mm RWS-turrets. However, Mamamdov preferred to highlight the first fully domestically produced vehicle – the Tufan.
This 4x4 MRAP vehicle was designed by the National Aerospace Agency and will be assembled at the AGREGAT factory near Baku. It features a STANAG 3/3A level of armour, weighing 14.7 tons with a payload of 2.3 tons. A 360 hp turbocharged diesel enables a maximum road speed of 85 km/h. Tufan is completed by a stablised RWS with a 12.7mm NVS machinegun, 10 smoke-grenade launchers, a hydraulic rear-door and 360° cameras.
Together with modular multi-calibre RWS for 12.7/14.5 mm or 20/23 mm by MIDAR’s Jihaz PA (project is being finalised) Mammadov said that Tufan will be produced from 2018 in variations of medical evacuation, air-defence/ anti-armour, anti-riot and basic APC, and will then also be available for export.
UAVs
Daily incidents of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict over recent years have heavily involved various UAV activities from both sides. For Baku, this means acquisitions and joint developments from and with Israel. While the Azeri Forces are using Herons and local manufacturer AZAD is producing Aeronautic’s Aerostar.
Mammadov also revealed that AZAD’s current work is concentrated on Zarba-1K, the local derivative of Aeronautics’ Orbiter-K. The loitering/suicide-type craft, he said, has a high-explosive cumulative warhead that’s already been adopted and was handed over to the MoD. "There also is a launching-vehicle outfitted with a catapult and we expect to complete test work within a few months, after which we plan to field 100 of them. Due to its very low acoustic signature it is not detectable until two seconds before diving into attack," Mammadov said.
It can however fly for up to three hours, carrying a multi-sensor camera with day/night channels and, if no target is designated or located, it returns to base via parachute and airbag.
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The Azerbaijani Air Force detected and destroyed a tactical UAV near Azerbaijan’s Agdam region on 2 March. A week earlier, Azerbaijani armed forces destroyed an Armenian UAV near Talish, one month after another was destroyed on 22 January near Tovuz. Meanwhile, Armenian press agencies are claiming that Azerbaijan lost 14 UAVs of various types since operations began along the NKR LoC. Three UN Security Council Resolutions (853, 874 and 884), and UN General Assembly Resolutions 19/13 and 57/298 refer to Karabakh as being part of Azerbaijan. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe refers to the seven regions around Karabakh as being occupied by Armenian forces since 1994.
Author’s comment
Azerbaijan’s military budget for 2016 was around US$1.46bn, a sharp drop compared to the $3.1bn in 2011, thanks in large part to wilting oil prices. Nevertheless, the country’s defence spending still exceeds the overall state budget of occupant Armenia by more than $1bn. From 2011, the state budget began including a category for "private defence-oriented projects and events" and, up to last year, an additional $ 6.1bn was allocated towards this fund.
